The influence of hypothermia prevention by application of skin moisture absorbent on the value of body temperature, body weight and blood parameters in piglets / A influência da prevenção da hipotermia pela aplicação de absorvente de umidade da pele no valor da temperatura corporal, peso corporal e parâmetros sanguíneos em leitões

Reducing the mortality rate is of a great economic importance for pig farming. Therefore, it is necessary to define the conditions in the farrowing unit based on the performance of the piglets, and specific hematological and biochemical parameters. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to examine the importance of using skin moisture absorbent and its influence in preventing hypothermia, which causes great economic losses in pig production. The experiment was set up on a commercial farm in Serbia and included 92 pigs divided into the experimental and control group. Body temperature values, body weight and blood parameters were monitored. The obtained values indicate that there is a significantly positive correlation of body temperature change and body weight values, and body temperature showed a significantly higher increase in the experimental group compared to the control group. The results obtained from hematological and biochemical parameters provide a clearer picture of the metabolic processes in piglets in the farrowing unit and can be used to further improve pig production and as a complement to genetic enhancement.(AU)

A redução da taxa de mortalidade é de grande importância econômica para a suinocultura. Portanto, é necessário definir as condições na unidade de parto com base no desempenho dos leitões, para serem parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos específicos. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é examinar a importância do uso de absorvente de umidade na pele e sua influência na prevenção da hipotermia, que causa grandes perdas econômicas na produção de suínos. A experiência foi montada em uma fazenda comercial na Sérvia, e incluiu 92 porcos divididos no grupo experimental e de controle. Os valores de temperatura corporal, pesos corporais e parâmetros sanguíneos foram monitorados. Os valores obtidos indicam que existe uma correlação significativamente positiva entre os valores da temperatura corporal e dos pesos corporais, e a temperatura corporal mostrou um aumento significativamente maior no grupo experimental em comparação com o grupo de controle. Os resultados obtidos a partir de parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos fornecem uma imagem mais clara dos processos metabólicos em leitões na unidade de parto e podem ser usados para melhorar ainda mais a produção de suínos e como um complemento ao melhoramento genético.(AU)

Quality of adzuki bean seeds desiccated with flumioxazin and subjected to storage / Qualidade de sementes de feijão azuki dessecadas com flumioxazin e submetidas ao armazenamento

Production and storage environments influence the physiological and sanitary quality of seeds. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the herbicide flumioxazin applied as a preharvest desiccant and storage on the physiological and sanitary quality of adzuki bean seeds. A randomized block design was used in a split-plot scheme, with four replications. Plots consisted of five doses of the herbicide flumioxazin (20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 g ai·ha-1) and subplots consisted of two evaluation times (harvest and six months after harvest). Two controls, with no herbicide application, were tested for each evaluation time. The physiological seed quality was maintained with doses from 25 to 35 g·ha-1 of flumioxazin. Increasing herbicide doses reduced the electrical conductivity of seeds. The increased doses also reduced the percentage of normal seedlings in the first germination count after six months of storage and caused seedling vigor loss. The storage of adzuki bean for six months reduced its physiological quality, leading to losses in germination and seed vigor. Storage and increasing doses of the desiccant flumioxazin reduced the incidence of the pathogens Rhizopus, Cladosporium, and Fusarium in the seeds. The increased doses of this herbicide reduced Aspergillus incidence. Penicillium incidence was not affected by treatments.(AU)

A qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes é influenciada pelo ambiente de produção e de armazenamento. Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do herbicida flumioxazin aplicado como dessecante em pré-colheita e do armazenamento sobre a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de feijão azuki. Foi adotado o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Nas parcelas foram alocadas as cinco doses do herbicida flumioxazin (20, 25, 30, 35 e 40 g i.a·ha-1) e nas subparcelas as duas épocas de avaliação (colheita e 6 meses após a colheita), com quatro repetições. Foram testados dois tratamentos sem aplicação do herbicida para cada época de avaliação. Nas doses entre 25 a 35 g·ha-1 de flumioxazin observou-se a manutenção da qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Em doses crescentes reduziu-se a condutividade elétrica das sementes. O aumento das doses reduziu a porcentagem de plântulas normais na primeira contagem da germinação, após seis meses de armazenamento, e causou perda no vigor das plântulas. O armazenamento de feijão azuki durante seis meses reduziu a qualidade fisiológica, causando perdas na germinação e vigor das sementes. O armazenamento e o aumento das doses do dessecante flumioxazin reduziram a incidência dos patógenos Rhizopus, Cladosporium e Fusarium nas sementes. O aumento das doses reduziu a incidência de Aspergillus. A incidência de Penicillium não foi afetada pelos tratamentos.(AU)

Determinação das isotermas de equilíbrio higroscópico de frutos de crambe pelo método dinâmico / Determination of hygroscopic equilibrium isotherms of crambe fruit by dynamic method

Objetivou-se neste trabalho determinar as isotermas de sorção dos frutos de crambe pelo método dinâmico para diversas condições de temperatura e atividades de água e ajustar diferentes modelos matemáticos aos dados experimentais, bem como obter os valores do calor isostérico de dessorção em função do teor de água de equilíbrio do produto. O teor de água de equilíbrio dos frutos de crambe foi determinado pelo método dinâmico-gravimétrico para temperaturas de 25, 30, 35, 40 e 45 °C e atividades de água para cada temperatura, entre 0,270 a 0,825. A partir dos resultados obtidos calculou-se o calor isostérico para cada teor de água de equilíbrio. Aos dados experimentais foram ajustados diversos modelos matemáticos disponíveis na literatura (Chung-pfost, Copace, GAB, Halsey Modificado, Sabbah, Sigma Copace, Cavalcanti Mata, Henderson Modificado, Henderson, BET, Oswin e GAB mod). Observou-se que o teor de água de equilíbrio decresce com o aumento da temperatura para uma dada atividade de água à semelhança dos produtos higroscópicos. O modelo de Sigma Copace foi o que descreveu melhor a higroscopicidade dos frutos de crambe. Observou-se que o calor isostérico aumenta com a diminuição do teor de água do produto, indicando aumento da energia necessária para a remoção de água. Os valores de calor isostérico para os frutos de crambe na faixa de teor de água de 3,85 a 11,86 (% b.s.) variaram de 4731,73 a 2698,35kJ kg-1.

The objective of this work was to determine the sorption isotherms of crambe fruits by dynamic method for several conditions of temperature and water activity and adjust different mathematical models to experimental data, and obtain the values of isosteric heat of desorption versus the equilibrium moisture content of the product. The equilibrium moisture content of crambe fruits was determined by dynamic-gravimetric method to temperatures of 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 °C and water activity for each temperature, from 0.270 to 0.825. From the results obtained it was calculated for each isosteric heat of moisture content equilibrium. The experimental data were adjusted several models available in the literature (Chung-pfost, Copace, GAB, Modified Halsey, Sabbah, Sigma Copace, Cavalcanti Mata, Modified Henderson, Henderson, BET, Oswin e Modified GAB). It was observed that the equilibrium moisture content decreases with increasing temperature for a given water activity like the hygroscopic products. The model Sigma Copace was best described what the hygroscopicity of the crambe fruits. It was observed that the isosteric heat increases with decreasing moisture content of the product, indicating an increase in energy required for water removal. The values of isosteric heat of crambe fruits in the range of moisture content from 3.85 to 11.86 (d.b.%) varied from 4731.73 to 2698.35 kJ kg-1.

Diseño de una crema regeneradora con quitina para después del bronceado / Design of a regenerative chitin cream for use after sun tanning

Introducción: después de tomar el sol resulta indispensable reparar la piel agredida por los rayos nocivos. Los cosmecéuticos para después del sol contienen elementos antinflamatorios, calmantes, hidratantes, suavizantes y regeneradores del epitelio, los cuales evitan o mitigan la sensación de dolor, tirantez, ardor y prurito.Objetivo: desarrollar una crema regeneradora con quitina para después del bronceado con la calidad requerida para reparar e hidratar la piel. Métodos: se realizaron dos diseños experimentales 22 (F1 y F2), en los que se utilizaron humectantes diferentes, glicerina y propilenglicol respectivamente. Se midieron como variables respuestas: el pH y la extensibilidad; además se analizaron las propiedades psicofisiológicas, la tensión de cizalla y las pruebas de centrifugación e influencia de la temperatura durante 60 días.Resultados: no existieron diferencias significativas entre el uso del propilenglicol o la glicerina, mientras que si fue notable la incidencia del alcohol cetílico en los valores de extensibilidad y pH. Se obtuvo como la mejor variante la I del diseño F2, en la que el alcohol cetílico se encontraba al 4 por ciento y el propilenglicol al 3 por ciento; el pH resultó 7,05 ± 0,00; la extensibilidad igual a 68,15 ± 1,51 y la tensión de cizalla de 1,93 ± 0,01; las propiedades psicofisiológicas resultaron satisfactorias y no hubo cremado ni coalescencia.Conclusiones: se puede considerar, atendiendo a las mediciones realizadas en el tiempo evaluado, características satisfactorias para las cremas elaboradas siendo la de menor costo, la variante I del diseño F2. La estabilidad física de las formulaciones, sometidas incluso las bases a pruebas de centrifugación e influencia de la temperatura, es indicativo de una buena compatibilidad entre el biopolímero estudiado y los excipientes de la formulación

Introduction: after taking the sun, it is indispensable to repair the skin affected by harmful rays. The cosmeceuticals for use after sunbath have antinflammatory, relaxing, hydrating, soothing and regenerative elements of the epithelium, which prevent or mitigate the feeling of pain, tautness, burning and rash. Objective: to develop a regenerative chitin cream to be used after sun tanning, with due quality to repair and hydrate the skin. Methods: two experimental designs 2² (F1 and F2) were created in which glycerin and propilenglycol were used as humectants respectively. Ph and extensibility were measured as variables in addition to analyzing the psychophysiological properties, the shearing tension and the centrifugation tests as well as the temperature impact during 60 days. Results: there were no significant differences between propilenglycol and glycerin whereas the incidence of cetyl alcohol in extensibility and pH values was noticeable. The best variant was the no. 1 in the F2 design in which the cetyl alcohol was found at 4 percent and the propilenglycol at 3 percent. The pH value was 7.05 ± 0.00; the extensibility was 68.15 ± 1.51 and the shear tension was 1.93 ± 0.01. The psychophysiological properties were satisfactory and there was no creaming or coalescence. Conclusions: it may be considered that, according to the measurements made in the evaluated period of time, the characteristics are satisfactory for the prepared creams; being variant I of the F2 design the least expensive. The physical stability of formulations undergoing tests of centrifugation and temperature impact indicates good compatibility between the studied polymer and the excipients

Avaliação da eficácia clínica e instrumental (corneometria) da segurança e da aceitabilidade cutânea de produto tópico em pacientes com psoríase / Evaluation of the clinical and instrumental (corneometry) efficacy, safety and skin acceptance of a topical product in patients suffering with psoriasis

A psoríase leva a um impacto negativo significativo na qualidade de vida e está associada a comorbidades. Dentre as propostas atuais de tratamento está o uso de hidratantes tópicos, isolados ou associados a outros medicamentos e terapias. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia clínica e instrumental (corneometria) do uso de hidratante tópico em pacientes com psoríase de diferentes formas e graus de gravidade, isolado ou combinado a outros tratamentos, assim como a segurança e a aceitabilidade cutânea deste tópico. Método: Foram tratados com o hidratante tópico 50 pacientes (24 homens e 26 mulheres) com psoríase vulgar (43), eritrodérmica (3), gutata (2) e palmoplantar (2). A posologia utilizada foi de duas aplicações ao dia e o tempo de tratamento de 28 dias. A eficácia clínica foi determinada pela avaliação clínica e fotográfica pré e pós-tratamento. A eficácia instrumental foi avaliada pela corneometria, por 6 horas, em 15 pacientes. A avaliação da aceitabilidade cutânea foi realizada pelo exame dermatológico e por questionários respondidos pelos pacientes...

[Comparison of solvent evaporation in the self etch and total etch adhesives in different air draying times]

Different adhesives with different solvents may have different solvent evaporation rates. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the solvent evaporation in the self etch and total etch adhesive in different air drying times. Five adhesives were used in this study: Excite, Prime and Bond NT, UNO, Single Bond, SE Bond Primer. Twelve drops of each adhesive were used for each period of air drying [5, 15, 30 sec]. The percentage of mass loss was measured during each test. Data were analized using two-way ANOVA and Tukey. Acetone base adhesives showed more loss of mass than other adhesives [P<0.01]. P and B NT showed more loss of mass than other adhesives in all air drying times [P<0.01]. Adhesives showed different evaporation rates in different air times [P<0.01]. Adhesives with acetone/ water or alcohol/water solvent shows more stable behavior in comparison with adhesives containing pure aqueous solvents

Evaluation of Clinical Manifestation according to 'Dermatitis Mapping' in Atopic Dermatitis / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis has a characteristic clinical manifestation and flexural distribution of lichenified eczematous plaques. Clinical manifestations and treatment of atopic dermatitis have been studied vigorously. However, Korean studies on clinical manifestation have mainly focused on predilection sites, and no study was performed about lesional difference in the severity and reactivity to treatment. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to primarily determine the difference in lesional predilection and lesional severity of atopic dermatitis. Second objective is to compare lesional reactivity to treatment with topical tacrolimus 0.1% ointment. METHODS: Authors mapped the patients' dermatitis lesions by dividing human body parts at the first visit. Then, topical tacrolimus 0.1% ointment was applied to one side of the body and humectants were applied to the other side of body. In order to evaluate the reactivity to the treatment, transepidermal water loss, pH, and skin surface hydration were measured. RESULTS: The frequency of involvement of wrist and ankle, as well as well-known predilection site, was high in children. More than half of the wrist and ankle lesions were grouped as severe. Although tacrolimus was superior to simple emolients in most lesions, reactivity to the treatment was low in wrist and ankle. CONCLUSION: The wrist and ankle, as well as other predilection sites were frequently involved with significant severity, and showed low reactivity to the treatment. These areas need to be carefully evaluated and treated. Dermatitis mapping might be helpful in clinical evaluation and management by visualization of lesions and changes.

Evaluation of Clinical Manifestation according to 'Dermatitis Mapping' in Atopic Dermatitis / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis has a characteristic clinical manifestation and flexural distribution of lichenified eczematous plaques. Clinical manifestations and treatment of atopic dermatitis have been studied vigorously. However, Korean studies on clinical manifestation have mainly focused on predilection sites, and no study was performed about lesional difference in the severity and reactivity to treatment. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to primarily determine the difference in lesional predilection and lesional severity of atopic dermatitis. Second objective is to compare lesional reactivity to treatment with topical tacrolimus 0.1% ointment. METHODS: Authors mapped the patients' dermatitis lesions by dividing human body parts at the first visit. Then, topical tacrolimus 0.1% ointment was applied to one side of the body and humectants were applied to the other side of body. In order to evaluate the reactivity to the treatment, transepidermal water loss, pH, and skin surface hydration were measured. RESULTS: The frequency of involvement of wrist and ankle, as well as well-known predilection site, was high in children. More than half of the wrist and ankle lesions were grouped as severe. Although tacrolimus was superior to simple emolients in most lesions, reactivity to the treatment was low in wrist and ankle. CONCLUSION: The wrist and ankle, as well as other predilection sites were frequently involved with significant severity, and showed low reactivity to the treatment. These areas need to be carefully evaluated and treated. Dermatitis mapping might be helpful in clinical evaluation and management by visualization of lesions and changes.

[Experimental comparison of hygroscopic expansion in three different composite resins]

These days dental composites are very popular because they look good and are similar to human teeth regarding color. Hygroscopic expansion is one of the physical properties of dental composites. A dental composite may lose its efficiency as a restoration material because of water absorption. The objective of this study was to compare the hygroscopic expansion of three dental composites. In this experimental study, to assess the effective factors of hygroscopic expansion, we used three different dental composites [Kalore, P90 and Z250]. The length of these composites in water and saliva were measured eighteen times in a three-month period. We used the marginal modeling technique, in which the correlation between response data can be included for analysis. The results of marginal modeling showed that the type of composite is significantly related to hygroscopic expansion [P<0.05]; demonstrating the highest hygroscopic expansion for P90 and the lowest for Z250. In addition, time as an independent variable had a statistically significant effect on hygroscopic expansion [P<0.05]. However, we found no significant difference between the hygroscopic expansion of saliva and water [P>0.05]. Overall, our findings showed that hygroscopic expansion is significantly related to the type of composite and time. Therefore, we should utilize the composites with lower hygroscopic expansion [such as Z250] for filling the patients' teeth

Propuesta para una formulación de crema y champú a base de aceite de zapuyul (aceite de Pouteria sapota) y el análisis sensorial de su capacidad humectante / Proposal for a shampoo cream formulation based on oil and analysis zapuyul

El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en determinar si el aceite de zapuyul es útil como principio cosmético en la humectación de la piel y cabello en seres humanos, por medio de la formulación de crema y champú y de un análisis sensorial. El proyecto se dividió en 3 fases, las cuales corresponden a la evaluacion de parámetros fisicoquímicos del aceite de sapuyul, la formulación y producción de crema y champú a base del aceite, con el respectivo control de calidad y el análisis sensorial en piel y cabello de seres humanos. Dicho análisis sensorial evaluó la humectación, brillantez y suavidad aportada por el aceite de zapuyul en las formulaciones. El análisis sensorial constó de 4 sesiones, en donde se les realizó una entrevista a las personas de los diferentes grupos, placebo y experimental, en un lapso de un mes para cada sesión. De las 80 personas que iniciaron el estudio, 26 personas se retiraron antes de concluir y 54 de ellas lo finalizaron. Se determinó que de los dos parámetros evaluados en cabello humectación y brillantez y los dos evaluados en piel (humectación y suavidad) únicamente el parámetro de suavidad es estadísticamente significativo entre la comparación de crema a base de aceite de sapuyul y la crema placebo, por lo que la crema a base de aceite de sapuyul puede ser utilizada en la industria cosmética como un producto que confiere suavidad a la piel.

Avaliação da interação de compostos ativos hidratantes com modelo de biomembrana de Crotalus durissus por meio de calorimetria exploratória diferencial e espectroscopia RAMAN / Study of the interaction of moisturizers with a Crotalus durissus biomembrane by differential scanning calorimetry and RAMAN spectroscopy

O objetivo foi verificar as alterações no estrato córneo em modelos alternativos de membrana após a aplicação de ativos hidratantes envolvendo métodos biofísicos. O modelo de biomembrana utilizado foi a muda de pele de Crotalus durissus e os ativos hidratantes foram: uréia, silício orgânico, extrato vegetal de Imperata cylindrica, reação de xilitol e glicose e componentes de NMF. Os resultados da avaliação das alterações do modelo por meio de Espectroscopia Raman com Transformada de Fourier sugerem que os ativos hidratantes confirmam segurança necessária, pois não alteraram de forma acentuada a estrutura do estrato córneo. Utilizando-se Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial pode-se indicar que a solução de silício orgânico e o gel hidrofílico com uréia apresentaram melhor poder hidratante.

The objective of this research was to use biophysical techniques to investigate the alterations induced in a biomembrane model of the stratum corneum by the application of moisturizers. The biomembrane was obtained from the skin shed by the rattlesnake Crotalus durissus and the active moisturizing compounds were: urea, dimethylsilanol hyaluronate, Imperata cylindrical plant extract, carbohydrates and natural moisturizing factors (NMF components). Results from FT-Raman spectroscopy suggested that the moisturizers were safe, since they did not promote modifications in the structure of the stratum corneum. Differential scanning calorimetry results indicated that the solution containing the organic silicon compound and the gel with urea showed the best hydrating effects on the stratum corneum.

Curso clínico y alternativas terapéuticas del cólico renal / Clinical course and therapeutic alternatives of renal colic

El cólico renal genera dolor severo y elevada morbilidad entre los afectados. Su manejo fundamental es la analgesia para la cual se emplea múltiples fármacos. El curso del dolor podría aportar información relacionada a mejorar el manejo del cólico renal en función del paciente y sus características. Objetivo: Describir la intensidad del dolor y su enfoque terapéutico en un hospital local; el curso clínico del dolor y su evolución luego de la atención médica del evento agudo. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo en dos etapas. Etapa descriptiva y analítica de las variables que podrían influenciar en las decisiones clínicas mediante análisis simple de contraste de variables y mediante regresión logística binaria. Se usó la prueba de chi-cuadrado y análisis de regresión de Spearman. Resultados: No hubo relación entre la recurrencia del cólico renal, la característica clínica y el tratamiento farmacológico recibido. La variación de la intensidad del dolor estuvo relacionado al nivel inicial expresado a través de la escala análoga visual (EVA) observándose una tendencia hacia mayores cambios en los pacientes con dolor mas severo(p =0,053) Conclusión: No se encontró una relación definida entre los diversos parámetros clínicos del cólico renaly la conducta farmacológica adoptada. La recurrencia del cólico no guardó asociación con ninguna de las variables clínicas estudiadas.

The renal colic generates severe pain with high morbidity between the affected ones. The fundamental managing consists of the analgesia for what multiple medicaments are used. The evolution of the same one can give us information brings over of the behavior of the same one in differentiated populations. Objective: To describe the characteristics of the intensity of pain and it therapeutic approach in a hospital, as well as the clinical course of the pain and his evolution after the medical attention of the acute event. Material and methods: We realize a prospective study in two stages. Descriptive and analytical stage of the variables that they might influence in the clinical decisions by means of simple analysis of contrast of variables and by means of logistic binary regression. I use the test of chi-square and analysis of Spearman's regression. Results: there was no relation between the recurrence of the renal colic, the clinical characteristics and the pharmacological received treatment. Of another side the variation of the intensity of the pain was related to the initial level expressed across the analogous visual scale (AVE) a trend being observed towards changes more dramatic in the patients by pain more severely (p =0.053) Conclusion: One did not find a relation defined between the diverse clinical parameters of the renal colic and the pharmacological adopted conduct. The recurrence of the colic did not guard association with any of the clinical studied variables.

Desenvolvimento de formulações cosméticas hidratantes e avaliação da eficácia por métodos biofísicos / Development of cosmetic moisturizer formulations and evaluation of hydrating eficcacy by biophysical methods

Introdução: A comprovação da eficiência de formulações hidratantes deve ser criteriosa e analisada por com métodos adequados. Objetivo: O objetivo principal do trabalho foi avaliar in vivo a eficácia hidratante de formulações contendo diferentes componentes ativos por capacitância elétrica e perda de água transepidérmica. Compararam-se os desempenhos entre Corneometer® e Moisturemeter® e entre o Vapometer® e Tewlmeter®. Verificou-se o comportamento in vitro das alterações causadas pelas substâncias hidratantes, em modelo de estrato córneo alternativo. Material e Métodos: Os compostos ativos selecionados (4% p/p) para incorporação nos géis a base de carbômero foram: uréia, extrato vegetal de Imperata cylindrica; complexo contendo fatores de hidratação natural; e os derivados do açúcar, sacarídeo isomerato e a mistura de xilitilglicosídeo e anidroxilitilglicosídeo. A avaliação in vivo da eficácia hidratante, teve o delineamento experimental baseado no projeto fatorial ANOVA three way. Os tempos estudados foram: após a aplicação e 30,60, 120; 240 e 360 minutos. O estudo de estabilidade acelerada das formulações envolveu condições drásticas de armazenamento (temperatura, umidade e luminosidade) durante 90 dias. Na avaliação in vitro do comportamento das substâncias hidratantes utilizou-se a espectroscopia Raman com transformada de Fourier (FT-Raman) e Calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC)...

El valor de la urea en el cuidado y tratamiento de la piel / The urea in the treatment and care of skin

La urea es uno de los humectantes naturales más efectivos y su disminución da lugar a alteraciones de la piel en algunas afecciones dermatológicas. Se revisa brevemente sus propiedades farmacológicas así como sus indicaciones principales.

Urea is one of more effective moisturizer of skin and its disminution is the cause of some dermatologic diseases. Its pharmacologic properties as well its indications are briefly revised.

Estudo da hidratação da pele por emulsões cosméticas para xerose e sua estabilidade por reologia / Study of hydration skin by the cosmetics emulsions for xerosis and their stability by rheology

Foram desenvolvidas as emulsões NI (não-iônica) e CL (cristal líquido) e avaliados os parâmetros reológicos, assim como o efeito hidratante das emulsões NI e CL em mulheres, com faixa etária de 20 ± 2 anos e da emulsão NI em mulheres com faixa etária de 70 ± 7 anos. Os resultados demonstraram adequada estabilidade das emulsões e comportamento pseudoplástico, além de tixotropia aparente. Para a emulsão NI, foi alcançado o melhor perfil reológico com menor ponto de fluidez (13,57 ± 3,19 Pa) e maior espalhabilidade (4,99 ± 0,54 mm²/g). Não houve diferença significativa de hidratação dos produtos em mulheres com faixa etária de 20 ± 2 anos da emulsão NI e CL (16,0 ± 5,1 por cento, 14,2 ± 5,5 por cento). No entanto, a hidratação do grupo de mulheres com faixa etária de 70 ± 7 anos foi de 13,1 ± 5,6 por cento para a emulsão NI. Esse resultado demonstra hidratação significativamente menor nesse grupo, quando comparada ao grupo com menor faixa etária. Dessa forma, foi comprovada para esse estudo a importância da avaliação reológica como fator de seleção entre formulações cosméticas semelhantes. Além disso, observou-se a relevância da seleção etária para a avaliação da hidratação cutânea de cosméticos.

NI (nonionic) and LC (liquid crystal) emulsions were developed, and their rheological parameters were evaluated. Also, the hydrating effect of NI and LC emulsions was tested among women with 20 ± 2 years, as well as NI emulsions among women with 70 ± 7 years of age. The results showed that the emulsions were stable and they had a pseudoplastic behavior and apparent thixotropy. The data revealed the best rheological profile of the NI emulsion with the lowest pour point (13.57 ± 3.19 Pa) and the highest spreadability (4.99 ± 0.54 mm²/g). There was no significant difference in hydration between NI and LC emulsions (16.0 ± 5.1 percent; 14.2 ± 5.5 percent) among younger women. However, hydration among elderly women was of 13.1 ± 5.6 percent for NI emulsion, revealing that it was significantly lower in this group when compared to the younger one. These data revealed the importance of rheological evaluation as a factor of choice among similar cosmetic formulations. Age bracket selection also proved to be very important in the assessment of skin hydration by cosmetic products.

Dry Skin

Though there is ambiguity in its medical definition, dry skin is a frequent skin problem of increasing importance these days. Generally "dry skin" denotes the status of skin showing erythema, roughness, scales, and itching resulted from low water content in the skin. Abnormalities in epidermal lipids, natural moisturizing factors, or corneocyte desquamation are regarded as important factors in its pathophysiology. It is not only accompanied with skin aging, but with various kinds of skin and systemic diseases(such as atopic dermatitis, ichthyosis, chronic renal failure, and diabetes mellitus). Important principles in the management or treatment of dry skin are preventing excessive washing and keeping moisture in the epidermis. For gentle cleansing, mild surfactants are better than the soap. Moisturizers are applied to the surface of skin to increase epidermal water content. Two different kinds of moisturizers are used as a mixture for the best result. Humectants are the material that draw water from the air or dermis. And emollients are the material that protects membrane by preventing water from evaporating from the epidermis. Though moisturizers are very helpful in management of dry skin, harmful result may happen by inadequate selection and wrong use.